Relational aggression, also known as covert aggression,[1] or covert bullying[2] is a type of aggression in which harm is caused through damage to one’s relationships or social status.[2][3] Although it can be used in many contexts and among different age groups, relational aggression among adolescents, in particular, has received a lot of attention with the help of popular media including movies like ‘’Mean Girls’’ and books like ‘’Odd Girl Out’’ by R. Simmons (2003) and ‘’Queen Bees and Wannabes’’ by R. Wiseman (2003). Relational aggression can have various lifelong consequences. This type of aggression has been primarily observed and studied among girls.[3] However, research shows that it is quite commonly used by boys as well.
Definition
Relational aggression is defined as a type of aggression that is "intended to harm other adolescents through deliberate manipulation of their social standing and relationships." [13] Relational aggression, according to Dan Olweus [14] is a type of bullying. Bullying in general, is defined as physically or psychologically violent re-occurring and not provoked acts, where the bully and victim have unequal physical strength or/and psychological power.[15] These key conditions apply to all types of bullying: verbal, physical, relational.[14]
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Forms
The main three forms of relational aggression include:[13]
Excluding others from social activities;
Damaging victim's reputations with others by spreading rumors and gossiping about the victim, or humiliating him/her in front of others;
Withdrawing attention and friendship.
Psychological manipulation and coercion can also be considered as a type of relational aggression.
Most recent research has been focusing on cyber-bullying, which is a relatively new yet increasingly popular way of engaging in both verbal and relational aggression due to growing importance of various communication and technology devices in modern societies.[16] Some studies show that internet meanness is more common among girls than boys.[12]